Have you ever had one of those days when getting out of bed feels like lifting a tonne of bricks? When the things you once loved suddenly seem like chores?
You’re not alone. We all have our down moments. But sometimes, it’s more than just a bad day. Sometimes, it’s something deeper — a condition known as depression.
Although you’ve likely heard the term, you may be wondering: what is depression? It’s a complex mental illness that can affect every aspect of your life, from your mood to your thoughts to your relationships.
Recognising the warning signs of depression early on can make a world of difference. It can help you or someone you care about take the first step toward getting the support needed.
In this guide, we’re diving into what depression is. We’ll look at the different types of depression and explore eight warning signs to keep an eye out for. We’ll also cover how to manage it, whether you’re seeking help for yourself or supporting a loved one.
Causes of Depression
There’s no single cause of depression. In fact, it’s usually quite the opposite. Depression generally results from a combination of contributors, including those explored below.
Genetic factors
If you have a family history of depression, you are more likely to experience it yourself. This doesn’t mean you’re destined to be depressed, but your genetic makeup can make you more susceptible.
Biological factors
Depression is linked to imbalances in chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, which help regulate mood. For example, research has found that serotonin deficiency is linked to depression and potentially many other conditions. Hormonal changes (like those in pregnancy or menopause) can also increase the risk of depression and lead to conditions such as perinatal depression.
Environmental factors
Life experiences impact your mental health. Stressful life events like the loss of a loved one, financial problems, or a traumatic experience can trigger depression.
Constant stress can also make you more vulnerable to depression. For example, if you’re unhappy in your home life or work in a toxic work environment, this can take its toll on your mental well-being.
Psychological factors
Personality traits and coping mechanisms play a role, too. People with low self-esteem, a pessimistic outlook, or those who are overly self-critical are more prone to depression.
Additionally, how you respond to stress and handle negative emotions can influence your mental health. For instance, if you tend to internalise problems and blame yourself, you might be at a higher risk of experiencing depression.
It’s important to remember that depression usually results from a mix of these factors. You might have a genetic predisposition, but it could be environmental stress or a biological change that triggers the depression. Understanding all these factors can help you develop the right treatment plan.
Understanding depression
Depression is a persistent condition that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly 280 million people worldwide suffer from depression. Not to mention, this condition doesn’t discriminate — it affects people of all ages, backgrounds, and walks of life.
That’s why it’s so important for us to understand and talk about it. By understanding depression, we can break the stigma and help those affected find the support they need.
Types of Depression
Understanding the types of depression can help in identifying and managing the condition more effectively.
- CNS Depression
Central Nervous System (CNS) depression isn’t a type of depression per se, but rather a condition where the activity of the brain and spinal cord is slowed down. This can lead to symptoms like decreased heart rate, shallow breathing, and/or loss of consciousness.
Certain medications used to treat depression can cause CNS depression as a side effect. Understanding this can help you manage your or your loved ones’ treatment plans more effectively. - Endogenous Depression
Endogenous depression is thought to be caused by internal factors rather than external events. Unlike other forms of depression that might be triggered by life events or trauma, endogenous depression arises seemingly out of nowhere. It’s characterised by a constant low mood that doesn’t seem to have an external cause, making it harder to pinpoint and treat. - High-Functioning Depression
High-functioning depression is tricky because it can be hard to spot. People with this type often appear to be functioning well in their daily lives. They go to work, participate in their community, and maintain relationships. But underneath the surface, they struggle with feelings of sadness, low energy, and/or self-doubt. It’s misleading because the external facade masks the internal struggle, making it easy to overlook - Psychotic Depression
Psychotic depression is a severe form that combines the typical symptoms of depression with psychosis. This often means individuals experience delusions or hallucinations. They may also experience feelings of guilt or worthlessness. It’s a particularly challenging type of depression because the psychotic symptoms can make the depressive symptoms more intense and harder to treat.
It’s important to remember that this is not an exhaustive list of depression types. Many other forms of depression exist beyond those mentioned here, each with its own unique symptoms and challenges.
For a more comprehensive understanding of depression, consult with a general practitioner (GP) or mental health professional. Someone with this level of expertise can provide detailed explanations tailored to individual experiences and symptoms.
8 warning signs of depression
Because depression can manifest in various ways, it’s important to familiarise yourself with these signs. That way, you can spot them early on and seek support sooner.
1 – Persistent sadness
One of the most common signs of depression is a prolonged feeling of sadness or emptiness. This isn’t just feeling down for a day or two; it’s a persistent low mood that lingers for weeks, months, or even longer. It can feel like a heavy weight that’s always present, making it difficult to enjoy life.
2 – Loss of interest in activities
Known as anhedonia, it’s very common for people suffering from depression to lose interest in activities they once enjoyed. Maybe they suddenly have no passion for a hobby, or they suddenly stop coming to social gatherings. Maybe even self-care tasks like eating a good meal or taking a bath don’t bring pleasure or excitement anymore.
This level of disinterest can lead to a vicious cycle. The more disinterested a person becomes, the more withdrawn and socially isolated they may become. This can then worsen the symptoms of depression.
3 – Changes in appetite and weight
Depression isn’t all psychological — it can also lead to physical changes.
Someone suffering from depression might notice a change in their appetite, which could lead to weight gain or loss. Some people may eat more than usual as a way to cope with their feelings, while others might lose their appetite entirely. These changes in eating habits can impact overall health and well-being.
4 – Sleep disturbances
Sleep problems are common in depression. Some people may experience insomnia, finding it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep. Others might sleep excessively, struggling to get out of bed in the morning. Poor sleep quality can exacerbate other symptoms of depression, such as chronic fatigue.
With such a lack of energy, even small tasks can feel exhausting. This overwhelming tiredness can interfere with work, school, and daily responsibilities.
5 – Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
They may fixate on past mistakes or perceived failures, or feel undeserving of happiness or success. These negative thoughts can be relentless, feeding into the cycle of depression.
6 – Difficulty concentrating
Depression can make it hard to concentrate, make decisions, or remember things. This can lead to problems at work or school and increase frustration and stress. The inability to focus can also make everyday tasks seem daunting and unmanageable.
7 – Physical aches and pains
As we said before, while depression is a mental health condition, it often has physical symptoms. Many people experience unexplained aches and pains, such as headaches, muscle pains, and digestive issues. These physical symptoms can add to the emotional burden, making the depression feel even more overwhelming.
8 – Suicidal thoughts or behaviours
The most serious warning sign of depression is having thoughts of suicide or self-harm, or engaging in self-harm behaviours. This is an indication of severe distress and requires immediate attention. If someone expresses these thoughts, it’s crucial to take them seriously and seek professional help right away. Encourage them to talk to a mental health professional and offer support in finding resources.
Important: If you or someone you know is at immediate risk of self-harm, call Triple Zero (000) for urgent assistance. For free, 24/7 mental health counselling, call Lifeline or Suicide Call Back Service.
Getting help for depression
Depression is one of the most treatable mental health disorders, with 70-90% of people eventually responding well to treatment.
Although it can feel overwhelming, reaching out for support is a sign of strength, not weakness. Seeking treatment for depression is a crucial and effective step towards recovery.
Doctors and mental health professionals
If you feel like you may be suffering from depression, your first visit should be to your general practitioner (GP). They can do an initial assessment and help you develop a mental health treatment plan if needed.
In Australia, a mental health treatment plan allows you to claim up to 10 individual counselling and 10 group counselling sessions with a mental health professional every calendar year. Some or all of the costs associated with these sessions may be covered by Medicare.
The NDIS also provides mental health support, particularly to those with psychosocial disabilities. Eligible people can apply for NDIS-funded disability services, which may include supports that help with:
- participating in your community
- building independence
- gaining access to new skills or jobs, or volunteering in your community
- socialising, social skills and relationships
You can learn more about the NDIS and mental health assistance here.
Psychiatrists and psychologists are trained to diagnose and treat depression. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication, while psychologists and therapists can provide talk therapy, which is highly effective for many people.
Medications, such as antidepressants, can be an essential part of treating depression, especially for moderate to severe cases. These medications can help correct chemical imbalances in the brain. It’s important to work closely with your doctor to find the right medication and dosage for you. Remember that it might take some time to see improvements.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) are two common approaches that have shown success in treating depression. These types of therapies give people the tools to manage symptoms and address the root causes of depression. Combining medication with therapy often yields the best results.
Support from family and friends
When dealing with depression, don’t underestimate the power of a strong support system. Talking to family members and friends about what you’re going through can provide emotional relief and practical assistance. They can offer a listening ear, help with daily tasks, and encourage you to stick with your treatment plan. Sometimes, just knowing you have someone to lean on can make a big difference.
Online resources and support groups
The internet offers many resources for those dealing with depression. For example, online therapy platforms provide access to licensed therapists from the comfort of your home.
Support groups or group coaching, whether online or in-person, can also connect you with other people who understand what you’re going through. Sharing experiences and coping strategies can provide comfort and new perspectives, and help your healing.
Emergency services
If you or someone you know is in immediate danger due to depression, seek emergency help. Call Triple Zero (000) or go to the nearest emergency room. Crisis hotlines, such as Lifeline or Suicide Call Back Service, can also provide immediate support.
Recognising that you need help and taking the steps to get it can be life-changing. Depression is treatable, and with the right support, you can find your way to better mental health.
Tips for supporting someone with depression
Having a strong support system can make a huge difference for someone dealing with depression. Here are some actionable tips to support your loved one effectively.
Be a good listener
One of the most valuable things you can do is to listen without judgement. When someone with depression opens up, they need to feel heard and understood, not judged or dismissed.
- Listen Actively
Give them your full attention. Put away distractions (like your phone) and show that you’re engaged. - Validate Their Feelings
Acknowledge their pain without trying to immediately fix it. Simple but empathetic phrases like “That sounds really tough” or “I’m sorry you’re going through this” can be very comforting. - Avoid Giving Unsolicited Advice or Minimising Their Suffering
Sometimes, just being there and listening is more helpful than offering solutions (especially ones they didn’t ask for). Additionally, don’t say things that invalidate or minimise their experience, such as “It’s not that bad” or “You’ll get over it.”
Encourage professional help
Encouraging your loved one to seek professional help (whether it’s from a GP and/or mental health professional) is key. But remember, it’s important to do it delicately.
- Express Concern Gently
Let them know you’re worried about their well-being and that seeking help is nothing to be ashamed of. - Offer to Assist
If they’re open to accepting your support, help them find a therapist or doctor and make appointments. You may even accompany them to their appointments if they’re comfortable with it. - Be Curious but Not Pushy
If someone seems resistant to seeking professional help, ask them why without passing judgement. Depending on their answer, you can reassure them accordingly and provide more information to ease their worries.
Offer practical support
Depression can make everyday tasks feel overwhelming. Offering practical support can lighten your loved one’s load and show them you care.
- Help with Daily Tasks
Offer to assist with household tasks, cooking, or running errands. Sometimes, just having someone take care of small tasks can make a big difference. - Be Consistent and Patient
Understand that recovery is a gradual process. Consistency in your support helps build trust and shows your commitment. - Check-In Regularly
Reaching out can help your loved one feel less isolated and more connected. Touch base with phone calls, texts, or emails, and be patient if they don’t respond right away.
Help them make lifestyle changes
Sometimes, it’s not a matter of helping your loved one — it’s a matter of helping them help themselves.
Encourage them to make small but powerful lifestyle changes and practise self-help strategies so they can boost their mental wellness themselves.
- Exercise together
Whether it’s going for a walk, a workout class, or a bike ride, encourage your loved one to get moving. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural, mood-boosting chemicals in the brain. - Eat nutritious meals
If you’re dining with your loved one, try to opt for nutritious foods that are high in healthy fats, vitamins, magnesium, and zinc. Deficiencies in these substances have been linked to mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. - Buy them a journal
Journalling can help your loved one release negative emotions and understand their thoughts more clearly, which can help them cope with depression. Offer them a journal without being pushy; remind them they don’t have to use it, but it’s there if they want to.
Take care of yourself
You know what they say: you can’t pour from an empty cup. When supporting someone with depression, don’t forget to take care of your own mental health, too.
- Set Boundaries
It’s okay to set limits on what you can and can’t do. Boundaries help prevent burnout and maintain a healthy relationship. - Practise Self-Care
Make time for activities that recharge you. Whether it’s exercise, hobbies, or simply relaxing, remember to take care of yourself. - Seek Your Own Support
Seeing your loved one in pain can be painful for you, too. Consider talking to a therapist or joining a support group for caregivers. Sharing your experiences and getting advice from others can be very beneficial.
Finding hope in dark times
Although it’s complex, depression is a treatable condition. With the right support, anyone can find their path to recovery. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, don’t hesitate to seek out help. You’re not alone in this journey, and there are many resources available to support you.
Stay hopeful and take small steps each day. Together, it’s possible to overcome the challenges of depression and move towards a healthier, happier life.